史坦萊•坦比亞( Stanley J. Tambiah )探討在柬埔寨的吉蔑國( Khmer)、越南的占婆國( Champa )及印尼的各王國中,有關印度教、佛教造像的信仰與崇拜。 例如柬埔寨真臘時期的波婆跋摩二世( Bhavavarman II, 636-656)將世自在或宇宙主宰當作是他的神,並且為祂造像,加以崇拜。南越南的占婆國的因陀羅普羅諸王( Indrapura Kings, 約 875-920 )也是觀音的忠誠信徒。 因陀羅跋摩王二世( King Indravarman II )於西元八七五年建立一座寺廟以供奉觀音, 並以混合著他與觀音名字的 Sri LaksmindralokeZvara 為這棟建築物命名。( Howard, 1996:233 )
(本期專輯內容節譯自于君方教授所著的《中國的觀音信仰》( Kuan-Yin:The Chinese Transformation of AvalokiteZvara )一書, 文中標題為編者所加。)
【註釋】
(1) 這些是根據伯頓•華森( Burton Watson )《法華經》(The LotusSutra. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993 )的翻譯。 另一方面,李昂•赫維茲( Leon Hurvitz )在他的《妙法蓮華經》( Scripture of theLotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma. New York: Columbia University Press,1976 )中, 以「觀察聲音者」、「察覺世間聲音的人」來說明,這二者都是以五世紀鳩摩羅什所譯的中文本為根據。
(2) 喬達•樂納(Gerda Lerner)的《父權的創始》(The Creation onof Patriarchy, 1986 ), 及瑪利加•金伯塔( Marija Gimbutas )的《女神的語言》( The Language of Goddess, 1989 )就是兩個例子。 上述兩本書的問題與隱藏其後的議題,在凱瑟琳•楊( Katherine K. Young )的《女神、女權主義者與學者》( Goddesses, Feminist, and Scholars. )一書中有很詳盡的探討。
(4) 彼德•葛瑞高利(Peter Gregory)在他研究宗密而著的《宗密與佛教中國化》( Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Princeton,N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. )一書中, 用「中國化」(sinification )一詞作為標題。 羅伯•夏夫在他的博士論文—《寶藏論與第八世紀的佛教中國化》( The Treasure Store Treatise and the Sinificationof Buddhism in Eight-Century China. Ph.D. disertation, 1991,University of Michigan. )中也使用相同的說法。
【參考書目】
Boisselier J. 1965. "Precisions sur quelques images Khmeres d'AvalokiteZvara." Arts Asiatiques, XI, 1:75-89.
Boisselier J. 1970. "Pouvoir royal et symbolime architectureal: Neak Pean et son importance pour la royaut angkorienne." Arts Asiatiques, XXI: 91-108.
Monnika Eleanor. 1996. Angkor Wat: Time, Space and Kingship. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press.
Chutiwongs, Nadana. 1984. The Iconograhpy of AvalokiteZvara in Mainland Southeast Asia. Ph. D. diss. Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden.
Kapstein, Matthew. 1992. "Remarks on the Mani bKa'-'bum and the Cult of AvalokiteZvara in Tibet." In Tibetan Buddhism: Reason and Revelation, edited by Steven D. Goodman and Ronald M. Davidson, 57-93. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Holt, John Clifford. 1991. Buddha in the Crown: AvalokiteZvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka. New York and Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
Bunnag Jane. 1984. "The Way of the Monk and the Way of the World: Buddhism in Thailand, Loas and Cambodia." In The World of Buddhism, edited by Heinz Bechert and Richard Gombricg, 159-170. London: Thames and Hudson.lf, W. ed. 1985. Buddhism: Art and Faith. London: The British Museum.
Yu Chun-fang. 1991. "Der guanyin-kult in Yunnan. 28-29." In Der Goldschatz der Drei Pagoden. Edited by Albert Lutz. Zurcih: Museum Rietberg.
Howard, Aagela F. 1996. "Buddhist Monuments of Yunnan: Eclectic Art of a Frontier Kingdom." 231-245. In Arts of the Sung and Yuan. Edited by Maxwell K. Hearn and Judith G. Smith. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Zucher, Eric. 1991. "A New Look at the Earliest Chinese BuddhistTexts." 277-304. In From Benares to Beijing: Essays on Buddhism andChinese Religion in honour of Prof. Jan Yunhua. Edited by KoichiShinohara and Gregory Schopen. Oakville: Mosaic Pres.
Said, Edward W. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Random House.
Lewis, Todd 1933. "Newar-Tibeten Trade and the Domestication of Simhalasarthabahu Avadana." History of Religions. 33, 2: 135-160.
于君方簡介
1 民國二十七年生,河北人。 美國哥倫比亞大學哲學博士, 現任教於新澤西( New Jersey )州立羅格斯( Rutgers )大學宗教系,教授佛教與亞洲宗教等課程。一九九九年被選為美國中國宗教學會副會長。
2 早期興趣偏重宋、明佛教史,寫過蓮池大師的生平及著作,另有多篇有關禪宗清規與公案方面的論文。近十年作有關觀音信仰的研究,所著《中國的觀音信仰》( Kuan-Yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteshvara ), 即將由美國哥倫比亞大學出版社出版。